| articulatory | describes the production of speech |
| acoustic | describes the physical properties of speech |
| auditory | describes the reception of speech |
oral and/or nasal cavity
↑
(vocal cords)
↑
egressive pulmonic airstream
| /m/ | bilabial |
| /n/ | alveolar |
| /ŋ/ | velar |
| /p/ | voiceless | bilabial |
| /b/ | voiced | bilabial |
| /t/ | voiceless | alveolar |
| /d/ | voiced | alveolar |
| /k/ | voiceless | velar |
| /g/ | voiced | velar |
| /f/ | voiceless | labiodental |
| /v/ | voiced | labiodental |
| /θ/ | voiceless | dental |
| /ð/ | voiced | dental |
| /s/ | voiceless | alveolar |
| /z/ | voiced | alveolar |
| /ʃ/ | voiceless | postalveolar |
| /ʒ/ | voiced | postalveolar |
| /h/ | voiceless | glottal |
| /ʧ/ | postalveolar |
| /ʤ/ | postalveolar |
| /w/ | bilabial | semivowel |
| /j/ | palatal | semivowel |
| /r/ | postalveolar | approximant |
| /l/ | lateral |
| phone | any speech sound, regardless of its status within a language’s phonological system |
| phoneme | the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of (a given) language |
| allophone | one possible realization of a phoneme |
| unit | notation | purpose |
| graphemic transcription | <keener> | Written communication |
| phonemic transcription | /'kiːnə/ | Specifying the general pronunciation of a string of speech at the phonemic, meaning-distinguishing level in terms of phone, accent, and vowel length |
| phonetic transcription | ['ciːnə] | Specifying a specific realization of a string of speech as produced by a speaker or group of speakers at the allophonic level |
| /b/ and /p/ | bit | pit |
| /ɪ/ and /iː/ | bid | bead |
| /d/ and /t/ | bid | bit |
